1. 搜索引擎的选取

  选择一个好的搜索引擎意味着你能够得到更准确的搜索结果。我用过的搜索引擎有四种:Google、Bing、Baidu、Yahoo!。 作为程序员,我首选Google。但当我看见我最爱的Google返回给我的全是一堆的js代码,根本没我想要的搜索结果。于是我转而投向了Bing的阵营,在用过一段时间后我发现Bing返回的搜索结果对于我的问题来说不太理想。正当我要绝望时,Google拯救了我。原来Google为了照顾那些禁止浏览器使用js的用户,还有另外一种搜索方式,请看下面的搜索URL:

https://www.google.com.hk/search?hl=en&q=hello

  hl指定要搜索的语言,q就是你要搜索的关键字。 好了,感谢Google,搜索结果页面包含我要抓取的内容。

  PS: 网上很多利用python抓取Google搜索结果还是利用 https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/services/search/web... 的方法。需要注意的是这个方法Google已经不再推荐使用了,见 https://developers.google.com/web-search/docs/ 。Google现在提供了Custom Search API, 不过API限制每天100次请求,如果需要更多则只能花钱买。

2. Python抓取并分析网页

  利用Python抓取网页很方便,不多说,见代码:

'''
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'''
def search(self, queryStr):
     queryStr = urllib2.quote(queryStr)
     url = 'https://www.google.com.hk/search?hl=en&q=%s' % queryStr
     request = urllib2.Request(url)
     response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
     html = response.read()
     results = self.extractSearchResults(html)

第6行的 html 就是我们抓取的搜索结果页面源码。使用过Python的同学会发现,Python同时提供了urllib 和 urllib2两个模块,都是和URL请求相关的模块,不过提供了不同的功能,urllib只可以接收URL,而urllib2可以接受一个Request类的实例来设置URL请求的headers,这意味着你可以伪装你的user agent 等(下面会用到)。

  现在我们已经可以用Python抓取网页并保存下来,接下来我们就可以从源码页面中抽取我们想要的搜索结果。Python提供了htmlparser模块,不过用起来相对比较麻烦,这里推荐一个很好用的网页分析包BeautifulSoup,关于BeautifulSoup的用法官网有详细的介绍,这里我不再多说。

  利用上面的代码,对于少量的查询还比较OK,但如果要进行上千上万次的查询,上面的方法就不再有效了, Google会检测你请求的来源,如果我们利用机器频繁爬取Google的搜索结果,不多久就Google会block你的IP,并给你返回503 Error页面。这不是我们想要的结果,于是我们还要继续探索

  前面提到利用urllib2我们可以设置URL请求的headers,  伪装我们的user agent。简单的说,user agent就是客户端浏览器等应用程序使用的一种特殊的网络协议, 在每次浏览器(邮件客户端/搜索引擎蜘蛛)进行 HTTP 请求时发送到服务器,服务器就知道了用户是使用什么浏览器(邮件客户端/搜索引擎蜘蛛)来访问的。 有时候为了达到一些目的,我们不得不去善意的欺骗服务器告诉它我不是在用机器访问你。

  于是,我们的代码就成了下面这个样子:

user_agents = ['Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:23.0) Gecko/20130406 Firefox/23.0', \
         'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; rv:18.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/18.0', \
         'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 6.1; en-US) AppleWebKit/533+ \
         (KHTML, like Gecko) Element Browser 5.0', \
         'IBM WebExplorer /v0.94', 'Galaxy/1.0 [en] (Mac OS X 10.5.6; U; en)', \
         'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 10.0; Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/6.0)', \
         'Opera/9.80 (Windows NT 6.0) Presto/2.12.388 Version/12.14', \
         'Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 6_0 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/536.26 (KHTML, like Gecko) \
         Version/6.0 Mobile/10A5355d Safari/8536.25', \
         'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) \
         Chrome/28.0.1468.0 Safari/537.36', \
         'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.0; Trident/5.0; TheWorld)']
 def search(self, queryStr):
     queryStr = urllib2.quote(queryStr)
     url = 'https://www.google.com.hk/search?hl=en&q=%s' % queryStr
     request = urllib2.Request(url)
     index = random.randint(0, 9)
     user_agent = user_agents[index]
     request.add_header('User-agent', user_agent)
     response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
     html = response.read()
     results = self.extractSearchResults(html)

不要被user_agents那个list吓到,那其实就是10个user agent 字符串,这么做是让我们伪装的更好一些,如果你需要更多的user agent 请看这里 UserAgentString。

17-19行表示随机选择一个user agent 字符串,然后用request 的add_header方法伪装一个user agent。

  通过伪装user agent能够让我们持续抓取搜索引擎结果,如果这样还不行,那我建议在每两次查询间随机休眠一段时间,这样会影响抓取速度,但是能够让你更持续的抓取结果,如果你有多个IP,那抓取的速度也就上来了。

'''
想要学习Python?Python学习交流群:984632579满足你的需求,资料都已经上传群文件,可以自行下载!
'''
import sys
import os
import urllib2
import socket
import time
import gzip
import StringIO
import re
import random
import types
from dotenv import load_dotenv, find_dotenv
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

reload(sys)
sys.setdefaultencoding('utf-8')

# Load config from .env file
# TODO: Error handling
try:
    load_dotenv(find_dotenv(usecwd=True))
    base_url = os.environ.get('BASE_URL')
    results_per_page = int(os.environ.get('RESULTS_PER_PAGE'))
except:
    print "ERROR: Make sure you have .env file with proper config"
    sys.exit(1)

user_agents = list()

# results from the search engine
# basically include url, title,content


class SearchResult:
    def __init__(self):
        self.url = ''
        self.title = ''
        self.content = ''

    def getURL(self):
        return self.url

    def setURL(self, url):
        self.url = url

    def getTitle(self):
        return self.title

    def setTitle(self, title):
        self.title = title

    def getContent(self):
        return self.content

    def setContent(self, content):
        self.content = content

    def printIt(self, prefix=''):
        print 'url\t->', self.url
        print 'title\t->', self.title
        print 'content\t->', self.content
        print

    def writeFile(self, filename):
        file = open(filename, 'a')
        try:
            file.write('url:' + self.url + '\n')
            file.write('title:' + self.title + '\n')
            file.write('content:' + self.content + '\n\n')
        except IOError, e:
            print 'file error:', e
        finally:
            file.close()


class GoogleAPI:
    def __init__(self):
        timeout = 40
        socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)

    def randomSleep(self):
        sleeptime = random.randint(60, 120)
        time.sleep(sleeptime)

    def extractDomain(self, url):
        """Return string
        extract the domain of a url
        """
        domain = ''
        pattern = re.compile(r'http[s]?://([^/]+)/', re.U | re.M)
        url_match = pattern.search(url)
        if(url_match and url_match.lastindex > 0):
            domain = url_match.group(1)

        return domain

    def extractUrl(self, href):
        """ Return a string
        extract a url from a link
        """
        url = ''
        pattern = re.compile(r'(http[s]?://[^&]+)&', re.U | re.M)
        url_match = pattern.search(href)
        if(url_match and url_match.lastindex > 0):
            url = url_match.group(1)

        return url

    def extractSearchResults(self, html):
        """Return a list
        extract serach results list from downloaded html file
        """
        results = list()
        soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'html.parser')
        div = soup.find('div', id='search')
        if (type(div) != types.NoneType):
            lis = div.findAll('div', {'class': 'g'})
            if(len(lis) > 0):
                for li in lis:
                    result = SearchResult()
                    h3 = li.find('h3', {'class': 'r'})
                    if(type(h3) == types.NoneType):
                        continue
                    # extract domain and title from h3 object
                    link = h3.find('a')
                    if (type(link) == types.NoneType):
                        continue
                    url = link['href']
                    url = self.extractUrl(url)
                    if(cmp(url, '') == 0):
                        continue
                    title = link.renderContents()
                    title = re.sub(r'<.+?>', '', title)
                    result.setURL(url)
                    result.setTitle(title)
                    span = li.find('span', {'class': 'st'})
                    if (type(span) != types.NoneType):
                        content = span.renderContents()
                        content = re.sub(r'<.+?>', '', content)
                        result.setContent(content)
                    results.append(result)
        return results

    def search(self, query, lang='en', num=results_per_page):
        """Return a list of lists
        search web
        @param query -> query key words
        @param lang -> language of search results
        @param num -> number of search results to return
        """
        search_results = list()
        query = urllib2.quote(query)
        if(num % results_per_page == 0):
            pages = num / results_per_page
        else:
            pages = num / results_per_page + 1

        for p in range(0, pages):
            start = p * results_per_page
            url = '%s/search?hl=%s&num=%d&start=%s&q=%s' % (
                base_url, lang, results_per_page, start, query)
            retry = 3
            while(retry > 0):
                try:
                    request = urllib2.Request(url)
                    length = len(user_agents)
                    index = random.randint(0, length-1)
                    user_agent = user_agents[index]
                    request.add_header('User-agent', user_agent)
                    request.add_header('connection', 'keep-alive')
                    request.add_header('Accept-Encoding', 'gzip')
                    request.add_header('referer', base_url)
                    response = urllib2.urlopen(request)
                    html = response.read()
                    if(response.headers.get('content-encoding', None) == 'gzip'):
                        html = gzip.GzipFile(
                            fileobj=StringIO.StringIO(html)).read()

                    results = self.extractSearchResults(html)
                    search_results.extend(results)
                    break
                except urllib2.URLError, e:
                    print 'url error:', e
                    self.randomSleep()
                    retry = retry - 1
                    continue

                except Exception, e:
                    print 'error:', e
                    retry = retry - 1
                    self.randomSleep()
                    continue
        return search_results


def load_user_agent():
    fp = open('./user_agents', 'r')

    line = fp.readline().strip('\n')
    while(line):
        user_agents.append(line)
        line = fp.readline().strip('\n')
    fp.close()


def crawler():
    # Load use agent string from file
    load_user_agent()

    # Create a GoogleAPI instance
    api = GoogleAPI()

    # set expect search results to be crawled
    expect_num = 10
    # if no parameters, read query keywords from file
    if(len(sys.argv) < 2):
        keywords = open('./keywords', 'r')
        keyword = keywords.readline()
        while(keyword):
            results = api.search(keyword, num=expect_num)
            for r in results:
                r.printIt()
            keyword = keywords.readline()
        keywords.close()
    else:
        keyword = sys.argv[1]
        results = api.search(keyword, num=expect_num)
        for r in results:
            r.printIt()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    crawler()

 


本文转载:CSDN博客