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爬取一些网站的信息时，偶尔会碰到这样一种情况：网页浏览显示是正常的，用python爬取下来是乱码，F12用开发者模式查看网页源代码也是乱码。这种一般是网站设置了字体反爬
一、58同城
用谷歌浏览器打开58同城：https://sz.58.com/chuzu/，按F12用开发者模式查看网页源代码，可以看到有些房屋出租标题和月租是乱码，但是在网页上浏览却显示是正常的。
用python爬取下来也是乱码：
回到网页上，右键查看网页源代码，搜索font-face关键字，可以看到一大串用base64加密的字符，把这些加密字符复制下来
在python中用base64对复制下来的加密字符进行解码并保存为58.ttf
import base64
font_face='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'
b = base64.b64decode(font_face)
with open('58.ttf','wb') as f:
f.write(b)
在网上搜索下载并安装字体处理软件FontCreator，用软件打开保存的解码文件58.ttf
现在我们可以得到解决问题的思路了：
1、获取自定义字体和正常字体的映射表，比如：9F92对应的数字是2,9EA3对应的是1。
2、把页面上的自定义字体替换成正常字体，这样就可以正常爬取了。
怎样来获取字体映射表呢？静态的还好，我们用FontCreator工具解析后，直接写死到字典中。但是如果字体映射关系是动态的呢？比如，我们刷新当前页面后，再来查看页面源码：
字体映射关系变了，这样的话，就只能请求一次页面，就获取一次映射关系,用第三方库fontTools来实现。
安装fontTools库，直接pip install fontTools
先来看下ttf文件中有哪些信息，直接打开ttf文件那当然看不了，把它转换成xml文件就可以查看了
from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
font = TTFont('58.ttf') # 打开本地的ttf文件
font.saveXML('58.xml') # 转换成xml
打开xml文件，可以看到类似html标签的文件结构：
点开GlyphOrder标签，可以看到Id和name
点开glyf标签，看到的是name和一些坐标点，这些座标点就是描绘字体形状的，这里不需要关注这些坐标点。
点开cmap标签，是编码和name的对应关系
从这张图我们可以发现，glyph00001对应的是数字0，glyph00002对应的是数字1，以此类推…glyph00010对应的是数字9
用代码来获取编码和name的对应关系：
from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
font = TTFont('58.ttf') #打开本地的ttf文件
bestcmap = font['cmap'].getBestCmap()
print(bestcmap)
输出如下：
{38006: 'glyph00006', 38287: 'glyph00008', 39228: 'glyph00001', 39499: 'glyph00005', 40506: 'glyph00010', 40611: 'glyph00002', 40804: 'glyph00007', 40850: 'glyph00003', 40868: 'glyph00004', 40869: 'glyph00009'}
输出的是一个字典，key是编码的int型
我们把这个字典转一下，变成编码和正常字体的映射关系：
import re
from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
font = TTFont('58.ttf') #打开本地的ttf文件
bestcmap = font['cmap'].getBestCmap()
newmap = dict()
for key in bestcmap.keys():
value = int(re.search(r'(\d+)', bestcmap[key]).group(1)) - 1
key = hex(key)
newmap[key] = value
print(newmap)
输出：
{'0x9476': 5, '0x958f': 7, '0x993c': 0, '0x9a4b': 4, '0x9e3a': 9, '0x9ea3': 1, '0x9f64': 6, '0x9f92': 2, '0x9fa4': 3, '0x9fa5': 8}
现在就可以把页面上的自定义字体替换成正常字体，再解析了，全部代码如下：
import requests
import re
import base64
import io
from lxml import etree
from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont
'''
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'''
url = r'https://sz.58.com/chuzu/'
headers = {
'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; Baiduspider/2.0; +http://www.baidu.com/search/spider.html)'
}
response = requests.get(url=url,headers=headers)
# 获取加密字符串
base64_str = re.search("base64,(.*?)'\)",response.text).group(1)
b = base64.b64decode(base64_str)
font = TTFont(io.BytesIO(b))
bestcmap = font['cmap'].getBestCmap()
newmap = dict()
for key in bestcmap.keys():
value = int(re.search(r'(\d+)', bestcmap[key]).group(1)) - 1
key = hex(key)
newmap[key] = value
# 把页面上自定义字体替换成正常字体
response_ = response.text
for key,value in newmap.items():
key_ = key.replace('0x','&#x') + ';'
if key_ in response_:
response_ = response_.replace(key_,str(value))
# 获取标题
rec = etree.HTML(response_)
lis = rec.xpath('//ul[@class="listUl"]/li')
for li in lis:
title = li.xpath('./div[@class="des"]/h2/a/text()')
if title:
title = title[0]
print(title)